Retain and compare possibilities before experiment. A branch is a hypothesis to test; missing material data are a reason to run declared reference cases and sensitivity studies, not a reason to delete the branch. Separate the highest verified single-shot output from the repeatable intact-transfer envelope.
在实验之前保留并比较各种可能性。分支是待检验假说；材料数据不足时应运行声明条件的参照与敏感性分析，不应据此删除分支。分别报告最高已核验单次输出与可重复完整转印范围。
1 · Three architectures, two primary force paths
1 · 三种结构、两条主要受力路径
Branch 分支 | Physics to retain 保留的物理 | Decisive comparison 关键比较 |
|---|---|---|
PFC in a finite water-droplet stamp 有限水滴印章中的 PFC | Outer surface, absorber position, wetting, phase inventory, bridge and liquid ejection. 外部表面、吸收体位置、润湿、相存量、液桥与液体喷出。 | Water-only vs PFC carrier at matched geometry and absorbed energy; track first liquid and solid motion. 匹配几何与吸收能量下比较纯水及含 PFC 载液；记录液体与固体首次运动。 |
Primary liquid layer: direct liquid → film 主要液层：液体直接作用于薄膜 | Cavity growth, distributed pressure, possible jet impact/shear and interfacial adhesion. 腔体生长、分布压力、可能的射流冲击／剪切及界面黏附。 | Separate distributed expansion load from resolved localized impact and identify the release footprint. 区分分布膨胀载荷与已解析局部冲击，确定释放区域。 |
Primary liquid layer: liquid → intact PVC → film 主要液层：液体 → 完整 PVC → 薄膜 | PVC support/thickness, bending, stress transmission and the actual release interface. PVC 支撑／厚度、弯曲、应力传递及实际释放界面。 | Measure liquid pressure, PVC motion and film traction separately; direct liquid impact stops at PVC. 分别测量液体压力、PVC 运动与薄膜牵引；直接液体冲击止于 PVC。 |
PFC embedded in hydrogel 水凝胶嵌入 PFC | Heat transport, finite phase inventory, matrix work/damage, solvent pocket or exit pathway. 传热、有限相存量、基体做功／损伤、溶剂口袋或出口路径。 | Compare bulk cavity, liquid pocket and interfacial blister; test jet repeatability and damage independently. 比较体内腔体、液体口袋及界面鼓泡；独立检验射流重复性与损伤。 |
The primary liquid layer contains dispersed PFC in a carrier unless a continuous PFC phase is explicitly declared. The connected carrier does not provide an unlimited PFC reservoir. Hydrogel stabilization is a testable possibility; compliance can also redirect jets, consume work or cause matrix failure. Li 2024; Brujan 2001
主要液层默认是载液中分散的 PFC，除非明确声明连续 PFC 相。连通载液不会提供无限 PFC 储库。水凝胶稳定作用是一种可检验可能性；柔顺性也可能改变射流方向、消耗做功或使基体失效。Li 2024；Brujan 2001
2 · Source and phase possibilities
2 · 热源与相变可能性
Possibility 可能性 | What changes 改变什么 | Theory/experiment comparison 理论／实验比较 |
|---|---|---|
Solid ink or adjacent absorber film 固体墨片或邻近吸收膜 | Optical interception, heat partition, local superheat and ink thermal burden. 光学截获、热分配、局部过热及墨片热负担。 | Conjugate heat transfer; change absorber placement with measured absorptance. 共轭传热；改变吸收体位置时测量吸收率。 |
Absorber at/inside PFC versus distributed in carrier PFC 界面／内部吸收体与载液中分布吸收体 | Localized phase onset, aggregation, heated volume and attenuation. 局部相变起始、团聚、受热体积及衰减。 | Loaded/unloaded PFC and carrier controls; retain species-specific inventory. 负载／未负载 PFC 及载液对照；保留各组分存量。 |
CW/millisecond versus short-pulse heating 连续／毫秒加热与短脉冲加热 | Heating delay, continued input, thermal/stress confinement and source-generated transients. 加热延迟、持续输入、热／应力约束及热源产生的瞬态。 | Compare source duration with diffusion and acoustic times, then expansion/collapse time. 将热源时长与扩散、声传播时间比较，再与膨胀／塌缩时间比较。 |
Partial conversion versus core exhaustion 部分转换与液核耗尽 | Remaining liquid, vapor pressure history and phase-fed growth. 剩余液体、蒸气压历程及相变供给的生长。 | Finite mass/energy balance and an explicit exhaustion event. 有限质量／能量平衡及明确的耗尽事件。 |
Recondensation versus retained vapor/gas 再凝结与保留蒸气／气体 | Cushioning, rebound, reset and later-shot variability. 缓冲、回弹、复位及后续激发差异。 | Cooling and retained-phase observations; disappearance alone does not identify collapse. 冷却及保留相观测；仅凭消失不能认定塌缩。 |
Species, shell and size/loading changes 组分、壳层及尺寸／浓度变化 | Volatility, phase energy, interface mechanics, statistics and optical shielding. 挥发性、相变能、界面力学、统计及光学屏蔽。 | Property cards over the declared range; separate shell mechanics from gel mechanics. 给出声明范围内的物性卡；区分壳层与凝胶力学。 |
Optical PFH/PFP studies and acoustic OFP/DFB phase models have different activation inputs. Their finite-inventory ideas can be compared, but their thresholds and material constants cannot be transferred without checking formulation and regime. Wei 2014; Strohm 2011; Doinikov 2014
光学 PFH／PFP 研究与声学 OFP／DFB 相变模型的激活输入不同。可比较其有限存量思想，但在未核查配方与物理范围前不能移用阈值及材料常数。Wei 2014；Strohm 2011；Doinikov 2014
3 · Seven competing or coexisting mechanisms
3 · 七种竞争或共存机制
Identify liquid topology and event order before attributing release to a jet.
在把释放归因于射流之前，应识别液体拓扑与事件顺序。
Mechanism 机制 | Discriminating observation 区分性观测 |
|---|---|
Expansion-driven flow or distributed pressure 膨胀驱动流动或分布压力 | Growth precedes solid motion; test whether a growth-only load reproduces the onset. 生长先于固体运动；核验仅有生长载荷能否复现运动起始。 |
Meniscus focusing and exterior ejection 弯液面聚焦与外部喷出 | Exit geometry and surface curvature change the jet at comparable impulse. 相近冲量下，出口几何与表面曲率改变射流。 |
Outer-interface instability 外界面失稳 | Track corrugations and off-axis filaments in three dimensions. 在三维追踪褶皱与偏轴细丝。 |
Internal collapse re-entrant jet 内部塌缩回入射流 | Resolve cavity crossing, opposite-interface impact and remnant/shock timing. 解析穿越腔体、撞击对侧界面及残泡／激波时序。 |
Bridge stretch after release 释放后的液桥拉伸 | Solid motion precedes or amplifies the visible liquid filament. 固体运动先于或加强可见液体细丝。 |
Source transient or collapse shock 热源瞬态或塌缩激波 | Pressure arrivals match a resolved source event, propagation path and sensor response. 压力到达与已解析源事件、传播路径及传感器响应一致。 |
Compliant cavity/blister actuation 柔顺腔体／鼓泡驱动 | Distributed gel/membrane deformation transfers load with or without an exit jet. 分布的凝胶／膜变形在有或无出口射流时均可传递载荷。 |
Internal-jet scaling, capillary exit jets and compliant transfer each supply useful controls in their own geometry; they are not interchangeable jet-speed laws. A boundary-integral shape history alone does not verify an impact-pressure maximum. Supponen 2016; Tagawa 2012; Gonzalez-Avila & Ohl 2016
内部射流尺度律、毛细出口射流与柔顺转印在各自几何中提供有用对照，但不是可互换的射流速度律。仅有边界积分形状历程不能核验冲击最高压力。Supponen 2016；Tagawa 2012；Gonzalez-Avila 与 Ohl 2016
4 · One bubble → 3–5 bubbles → finite arrays
4 · 单泡 → 三至五泡 → 有限阵列
First retain a fixed source-energy budget and define the receiver, pressure area/time window and jet tracking mass. Compare isolated, delayed, interacting and coalescing bubbles. An identical number of stamp sites does not establish an interacting bubble population. Test edge effects, activation delays, optical shielding and phase/heat competition before a uniform-fluid approximation.
先保持固定热源能量预算，并定义接收体、压力面积／时窗及射流追踪质量。比较孤立、延迟、相互作用及聚并气泡。相同数量的印章位点不能确立相互作用泡群。在采用均匀流体近似前，应检验边缘效应、激活延迟、光学屏蔽及相变／热量竞争。
A weak linear population model can test phase and far-field superposition. Strong collapse, jets and attainable pressure maxima require nonlinear source histories, finite species inventory, compressibility and actual boundaries. Compare fixed-energy amplification at the release interface with local numerical peaks; use conservation and spatial/time refinement.
弱线性泡群模型可检验相位与远场叠加。强塌缩、射流及可达最高压力需要非线性源历程、有限组分存量、可压缩性与实际边界。应将固定能量下释放界面的放大与局部数值峰值比较，并检查守恒及空间／时间细化。
5 · Compare several benefits together
5 · 同时比较多种优点
Keep absorbed energy, onset variability, heated ink volume/temperature, phase conversion/reset, jet mass/diameter/velocity, delivered impulse, intact transfer, placement and reuse. Report gains and penalties separately; a reduced activation threshold need not increase useful impulse, and compliant confinement can improve repeatability while reducing ejection.
保留吸收能量、起始差异、墨片受热体积／温度、相变转换／复位、射流质量／直径／速度、传递冲量、完整转印、定位及复用。分别报告收益与代价；激活阈值降低未必增加有用冲量，柔顺约束也可能在降低喷出时改善重复性。
Report the highest verified single-shot pressure/velocity under its operating constraints, then the repeatable intact-transfer envelope under separately stated acceptance criteria. A pressure peak, jet tip speed and film load are different outputs. This exploration map supplies tests and opportunities; it does not claim a solved project maximum.
在其操作约束下报告最高已核验单次压力／速度，再按另行声明的接受标准报告可重复完整转印范围。压力峰值、射流尖端速度与薄膜载荷是不同输出。本探索图提供核验与机会，不声称项目最高值已解。
Study L01 and its comprehensive calculation.
English mathematical setup for fresh theory checks · Parameter and evidence ledger. These identify governing laws, units, limits and missing target data.
用于新理论核验的英文数学框架 · 参数与证据清单。其中明确支配方程、单位、适用域及缺失的目标数据。
Recovered earlier PFH/PFP material properties and source checks: use them for named reference cases now, while retaining source conditions and formulation differences.
恢复的早期 PFH／PFP 物性与来源核查：现在即可用于具名参照算例，同时保留来源条件及配方差异。