# Temporal-Spatial Measurement of Surface Morphological Evolution Time in Nanosecond Laser Irradiation on the Copper Film

- Title: Temporal-Spatial Measurement of Surface Morphological Evolution Time in Nanosecond Laser Irradiation on the Copper Film
- Authors: Yuhan Liu; Jianguo Zhang; Shiyong Shangguan; Dongfeng Qi; Tengfei Sun; Hongyu Zheng
- Year: 2022
- DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2022.845576
- arXiv ID/URL: Not yet checked
- Source URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.845576
- Record type: journal-article
- Date searched: 2026-10-14
- Record origin: New search
- Evidence level: Metadata verified; title-based topic summary; experiments unverified
- Access status: Metadata only; full-text access not yet checked.
- Lesson mapping: Background or peripheral citation; placement unreviewed.

## Two-sentence summary

This work addresses Temporal-Spatial Measurement of Surface Morphological Evolution Time in Nanosecond Laser Irradiation on the Copper Film.
Experiments performed remain unverified pending methods or explicit abstract evidence.

## Provenance

Search query: web-search-mechanics-20261014.txt (secondary citation lead)

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## Applicability and gaps

Project-specific thresholds and transfer performance remain unverified.

Canonical metadata verified on 2026-10-14: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffphy.2022.845576